在考虑锻造工艺时特别是后一火的锻造时，应尽量避免在临界变形程度下进行，以免得到粗大晶粒***。具体来说，高温下金属塑性好，变形抗力小，应采用远大于临界变形程度的较大变形量锻造；低温修正时采用低于临界变形程度的小变形量进行局部修整。

When the forging process is cidered, especially when the last fire is forged, the critical deformation should be ***oided as far as , so as to ***oid coarse grain structure. Concretely speaking, high temperature metal has good plasticity and ***all deformation resistance. We should adopt large deformation amount forging far greater than critical deformation degree. When low temperature correction is used, ***all deformation below critical deformation degree should be used for local trimming.

不知道听到工艺两个字的时候我们更多的想到的是什么?我想很多人对工艺的追求大多体现在对一些艺术品上面。其实不仅仅是艺术品对工艺的要求非常高。在我们的机械领域对工艺也是精益求精的，因为只有高超的工艺才能制造出更的产品，就比如说大口径法兰对它的工艺要求也是很高的。Pulloutisoftenusedinforgingrodsandshaftparts。

I don't know what we think about more when we hear the two of the craft?若因温度和变形程度选择不当而得到粗大晶粒时，可利用热处理相变细化晶粒***，但对于热处理中不发生相变的钢种，如奥氏体钢，就必须在锻造过程中获得细小而均匀的晶粒***，因此对这样的材料在锻造时须加倍注意。 I think a lot of people's pursuit of the craft is mostly on some of the works of art. In fact, not only is the art of art demanding very high technology. In our field of machinery, we also strive for improvement in technology, because only superb technology can make more perfect products, for example, large diameter flanges require high technological requirements for them.

锻造设备种类很多，按照工作部分运行方式不同，锻造设备可分为直线往复运动和相对旋转运动两大类。直线往复锻造设备1、动载撞击的锻造设备2、动静载联合的锻造设备3，能冲击的锻造设备。

There are many kinds of forging equipment. According to the different operation modes of the working part, the forging equipment can be divided into two categories: straight reciprocating motion and relative rotation motion.

Linear reciprocating forging equipment

1, forging equipment with dynamic load impact

2, forging equipment combined with static and static load

3, high efficiency impacting forging equipment

基本工序：自由锻造时，锻件的形状是通过一些基本变形工序将坯料逐步锻成的。自由锻造的基本工序有镦粗、拔长、冲孔、弯曲和切断等。

The basic process is: free forging, the shape of forging is gradually formed by some basic deformation processes. The basic process of free forging is upsetting, drawing, punching, bending and cutting.