自由锻的基本工序主要有镦粗、拔长、冲孔、切割、弯曲、扭转、错移及锻接等。模锻又分为开式模锻和闭式模锻．金属坯料在具有一定形状的锻模膛内受压变形而获得锻件，模锻一般用于生产重量不大、批量较大的零件。

The basic process of free forging are upsetting, stretching, punching, cutting, bending, torsion, displacement and welding etc.. Die forging is also divided into open die forging and closed die forging. Metal billets are pressed and deformed to form forgings in the forging die chamber with a certain shape, and die forging is generally used for producing parts with ***all weight and large batches.

碾环是指通过专用设备碾环机生产不同直径的环形零件，主要用来生产汽车轮毂、火车车轮等轮形零件。特种锻造包括辊锻、楔横轧、径向锻造、液态模锻等锻造方式，这些方式都比较适用于生产特殊形状的零件。

Roller ring refers to the production of circular parts with different diameters through the roller ring machine of special equipment, which is mainly used to produce wheel hub, train wheel and other wheel shaped parts. Special forgings include roll forging, cross wedge rolling, radial forging, liquid forging and so on. These methods are suitable for producing parts with special shape.

自由锻造的设备分为锻锤和液压机两大类。生产中使用的锻锤有空气锤和蒸汽-空气锤，有些厂还使用结构简单，***少的弹簧锤、夹板锤、杠杆锤和钢丝锤等。

The equipment of free forging can be divided into two categories: forging hammer and hydraulic press. The forging hammers used in production are air hammer and steam-air hammer. Some factories also use spring hammer, splint hammer, lever hammer and steel wire hammer with simple structure and low investment.

在芯棒上拔长。锻造时，先芯棒插入冲好孔的坯料中，然后当作实心坯料进行拔长。拔长时，一般不是一次拔成，先将坯料拔成六角形，锻到所需长度后，再倒角滚圆，取出芯棒。为便于取出芯棒，芯棒 的工作部分应有1：100 左右的斜度。

Pull on the mandrel. When forging, insert the mandrel into the billet of the hole and then pull it out as a solid billet. When drawing, it is not usually drawn at one time. First, the blank is drawn into a hexagonal shape, forged to the required length, then chamfered and rounded, and the mandrel is removed. To facilitate the removal of the mandrel, the working part of the mandrel should h***e a slope of about 1:100.