若因温度和变形程度选择不当而得到粗大晶粒时，可利用热处理相变细化晶粒***，但对于热处理中不发生相变的钢种，如奥氏体钢，就必须在锻造过程中获得细小而均匀的晶粒***，因此对这样的材料在锻造时须加倍注意。

If the temperature and degree of deformation and improper selection of coarse grains, the grain refinement phase change heat treatment, but for the steel phase transition does not occur in the heat treatment, such as austenitic steel, it must be in the forging process h***e fine and uniform grains, so this kind of material in the forging must pay more attention to.

由于热变形形成纤维***，会使金属的力学性能出现异向性，即纵向力学性能指标中的A，Z，Ak比横向相应的指标大得多，两个方向上的强度Rm。Re差别不大。

Due to the formation of fibrous microstructure by thermal deformation, the mechanical properties of metals will be different. That is, A, Z and Ak in longitudinal mechanical properties are much larger than those itransverse direction, and the strength in two directi is Rm. Re is not very different.

铝合金锻件的生产可在多种锻造设备上进行。锻锤可用于开式模锻和闭式模锻，其生产费用较低，锻打时需要控制好锤头的高度、打击力量和速度，因为在急剧变形过程中铝合金对应变速率敏感并具有放热性。自由锻造是靠人工操作来控制锻件的形状和尺寸的，所以锻件精度低，加工余量大，劳动强度大，生产率也不高，因此它主要应用于单件、小批量生产。机械压力机和螺旋压力机都广泛用于铝合金闭式模锻，适宜于生产中等尺寸、大体积和形状适度的铝锻件。

The production aluminum alloy forgings can be carried out on a variety of forging equipment. Hammer can be used for open die forging and closed die forging, the production cost is low, when the need to the forging hammer height, strike force and speed, because of the sharp deformation in the process Alloy strain rate sensitive and exothermic. Mechanical press and screw press are widely used in aluminum alloy closed die forging, which is suitable for the production of medium size, large volume and moderate shape aluminum forgings.

在现代工业生产中，机器自由锻已成为锻造生产的主要方法，在重型机械制造中，它具有特别重要的作用。而产生的锻件形状和尺寸主要由操作工的技术水平决定。

In modern industrial production, machine free forging has become the main method of forging production, and it plays a particularly important in he***y machinery manufacturing. The shape and size of the forgings are mainly determined by the technical level of the operator.