镦粗 镦粗是对原坯料沿轴向锻打，使其高度减低、横截面增大的操作过程。这种工序常用于锻造齿轮坯和其他圆盘形类锻件。镦粗分为全部镦粗和局部锻粗两种。

Upsetting and upsetting is the process of forging the original billet along the axis， reducing its height and increasing its cross section. This process is usually used to forge gear blanks and other disc shaped forgings. The upsetting is divided into two kinds of upsetting and local forgings.

随着电动机的发明，forging价格，十九世纪末出现了以电为动力的机械压力机和空气锤，并获得迅速发展。第二次***以来，七十五万千牛的模锻水压机、一千五百千焦的对六万千牛的板料冲压压力机、十六万千牛的热模锻压力机等重型锻压机械，和一些自动冷镦机相继问世，形成了门类齐全的锻造机械体系。

With the invention of motor， the mechanical press and air hammer powered by electricity appeared at the end of nineteenth Century， and developed rapidly. Since the Second World War， the forging water press， one thousand and five hundred thousand char， the punching press of Liu Wanqian cattle， the hot forging press of sixteen thousand thousand cattle， and some automatic cold heading machines h***e come out in succession， forming a complete system of forging machinery.

低塑性拔长时，应注意选择合适的送进比，送进比太小时，变形集中在上下部，中心都锻不透，并沿轴向产生拉锻造应关于锻件的一些基本知识力，forging哪家好，导致内部横向裂纹产生。在镦粗时，常用软衬垫镦粗或叠镦（用于锻薄饼形零件），以改善变形的不均匀性，防止产生表面裂纹。

When low plasticity is pulled out， attention should be paid to selecting suitable delivery ratio， sending too much time，forging采购， deformation on the upper and lower parts， and the center can not be built， and forging along the axial direction should be related to some basic knowledge of forging， resulting in the occurrence of internal transverse cracks. In the upsetting，forging， commonly used soft liner (for upsetting or folding upsetting forging thin pancake， uneven parts) to improve the deformation， prevent the generation of cracks on the surface.

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