8444-1066/WOODWARD

作者：2019/8/13 6:03:16

WOODWARD伍德沃德 8444-1066

这要从输电线路上损耗的电功率谈起，当电流通过导线时，就会有一部分电能变为热能而损耗掉了。我国目前普遍采用的三相三线制交流输电线路上损耗的电功率为P耗＝3*I平方*R----(I的平方)式中的R为每一条输电线的电阻，I为输电线中的电流。如果要输送的电功率为P，输电线路的线电压为U，每相负载的功率因数为COSΦ则输电电流还可表示为I=P/（1.732U*COSΦ）假设送电距离为L，所用输电线的电阻率为ρ，其截面积为S，则R＝ρ（L／S）。于是，损耗的电功率可写成P耗=3*（P/1.732U*COSΦ）平方ρ*（L/S）=C/（U平方*S）式中。

在输送的电功率、输电距离、输电导线材料及负载功率因数都一定的情况下，C为一常数。由上式可以看出，输电线截面积S一定时，输电电压U愈高，损耗的电功率P耗就愈小；如果允许损耗的电功率P耗一定时（一般不得超过输送功率的10％），电压愈高，输电导线的截面积就愈小，这可大大节省输电导线所用的材料。从减少输电线路上的电功率损耗和节省输电导线所用材料两个方面来说，远距离输送电能要采用高电压或超高电压。但也不能盲目提高输电电压，同为输电电压愈高，输电架空线的建设，对所用各种材料的要求愈严格，线路的造价就愈高。所以，要从具体的实际情况出发，做到输电线路既能减少功率损耗，又能节约建设***。

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