3ASD573001A13
ABBYPK112A3ASD573001A13ABBYPK112A3ASD573001A13ABBYPK112A3ASD573001A13专业提供:PLC可编程控制系统,分散控制系统(DCS)安全仪表系统(SIS),ESD系统,振动监测系统,汽轮机控制压缩机组控制系统(CCS)等各类工控系统部件系统里的PLC模块,DCS模块,CPU模块,IO模块,DO模块,AI模块,DI模块,网络通信模块,以太网模块,运动控制模块,模拟量输入模块,模拟量输出模块,数字输入模块,数字输出模块,冗余模块,电源模块,继电器输出模块,继电器输入模块,处理器模块我们可将噪声定义为电子系统中任何不需要的信号。噪声会导致音频信号质量下降以及精确测量方面的错误。板级与系统级电子设计工程师希望能确定其设计方案在最差条件下的噪声到底有多大,并找到降低噪声的方法以及准确确认其设计方案可行性的测量技术。噪声包括固有噪声及外部噪声,这两种基本类型的噪声均会影响电子电路的性能。外部噪声来自外部噪声源,典型例子包括数字开关、60Hz噪声以及电源开关等。固有噪声由电路元件本身生成,最常见的例子包括宽带噪声、热噪声以及闪烁噪声等。本系列文章将介绍如何通过计算来预测电路的固有噪声大小,如何采用SPICE模拟技术,以及噪声测量技术等。热噪声热噪声由导体中电子的不规则运动而产生。由于运动会随温度的升高而加剧,因此热噪声的幅度会随温度的上升而提高。我们可将热噪声视为组件(如电阻器)电压的不规则变化。图1.1显示了标准示波器测得的一定时域中热噪声波形,我们从图中还可看到,如果从统计学的角度来分析随机信号的话,那么它可表现为高斯分布曲线。我们给出分布曲线的侧面图,从中可以看出它与时域信号之间的关系。热噪声信号所包含的功率与温度及带宽直接成正比。请注意,我们可简单应用功率方程式来表达电压与电阻之间的关系(见方程式1.1),根据该表达式,我们可以估算出电路均方根(RMS)噪声的大小。此外,它还说明了在低噪声电路中尽可能采用低电阻元件的重要性。方程式1.1中有一点值得重视的是,根据该表达式我们还可计算出RMS噪声电压。在大多数情况下,工程师希望了解“最差条件下噪声会有多严重?”换言之,他们非常关心峰峰值电压的情况。如果我们要将RMS热噪声电压转化为峰峰值噪声的话,那么必须记住的一点是:噪声会表现为高斯分布曲线。这里有一些单凭经验的方法即根据统计学上的关系,我们可将RMS热噪声电压转化为峰峰值噪声。不过,在介绍有关方法前,我想先谈谈一些数学方面的基本原理。本文的重点在于介绍统计学方面的基本理论,随后几篇文章将讨论实际模拟电路的测量与分析事宜。概率密度函数:构成正态分布函数的数学方程式称作“概率密度函数”(见方程式1.2)。根据一段时间内测得的噪声电压绘制出相应的柱状图,从该柱状图,我们可以大致看出函数所表达的形状。图1.2显示了测得的噪声柱状图,并给出了相应的概率密度函数。NACHIUM860ANACHIUM870BNACHIUM802CNACHIN80-PCNIA8-0015-ANIA8NachiAR52NACHIUM887ANACHIDUY222S/H/VR2/B/R1AXISNachiUM116-10NACHIFJK2005ANACHIUM870ANachiUM-837A#3311Nachi11-02122017NACHIUM124BNachiBUXL111NACHIUM098BNachiBUXL111#3363NACHIUM801DNachiUM836A#3714NachiUM218ANACHIFJK7002ANACHIUM802C-10NACHIUM-837A20-94032071UM-837A20-94032?071NACHIUM873DNACHICUXL111B-AO#3262(2)CUXL111B-AONACHIUM834-8633-WUM834ENACHIUM820ART-ANachiUM880ANACHIUM801DIMEP-ROMNACHIAUXL111CAUXL111NACHIN80-PCUM858NACHIUM873DNACHIFJK2005ANachi11-02122164Nachi21-02122098NACHIPSUA60BNACHIUM807CNACHIUM812BNACHIRTC001ANachiEDA-PD1-NWZ-D2-11(ELE1336)NachiSS-G03-C4-R-C115-E21NACHIUM880BUM880-10AR-52NachiUM802E#3692NACHIUM-316AUM316ANachiFJK2005#5731NACHIEDA-PD1-NWZ-D2-11NACHICUXL111B-AONACHIUM840NACHIUM816BNACHI11-02122367NACHISUD-301ANACHIUM134NACHIUM895NACHIUM803AMEC-40V-0CARDMEC-40VNACHIUM842N80-MP2NACHIUM873CNACHIUM119B#3265(20)UM119BNACHIUM127A#3266(20)UM127A机器人控制板NACHIUM860-1#3269(3)UM860-1机器人控制板NACHIUM836C#3272(2)UM836C机器人控制板NACHIS-G01-A3X-GRZ-D2-32电磁阀NACHIS-G01-A3X-GRZ-D2-32#970电磁阀NACHIS-G01-B3X-GRZ--D2-32电磁阀NACHIS-G01-C6-GRZ-C2-32SG01C6GRZC232ANACHIS-G01-C6S-GRZ-D2-9390A电磁阀NACHISA-G01-C5-C1-11SAG01C5C111电磁阀HCSEKB-04HCSDAC-44-01-270-XLTHCSDMA-22-02-270-4MSTBU-S0AllenBradleyAB1336F-A010-AN-EN-HCS1-L5AllenBradleyAB1336F-B050-AA-EN-HCS1-L6AllenBradleyAB1336F-B075-AA-EN-HCS2-LA1-L6AllenBradleyAB1336F-B100-AN-EN-HCS2-L6AllenBradleyAB1336F-B125-AA-EN-GM1-HCS2AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF15-AA-EN-HCS2-L8EAllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF30-AN-EN-HCS2-L5AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF30-AA-EN-HCS2-L6AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF30-AA-EN-HCS2-LA4-L6AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF50-AA-EN-HCS1-L5#10847AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF50-AA-EN-HCS2-L6AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF75-AA-EN-HCS2AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF75-AA-EN-HCS2-L5AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF75-AA-EN-HCS2-L6AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF100-AA-EN-HCS2AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF150-AN-EN-HCS2AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF150-AN-EN-HCS2-L6Allen-BradleyAB1336F-BRF200-AN-EN-HCS1-L4AllenBradleyAB1336F-BRF200-AA-EN-HCS2-L9EAllenBradleyAB1336F-C030-AN-EN-HCS2-C6AllenBradleyAB1336F-CWF10-AA-EN-HCS1-L6AllenBradleyAB1201-HCS2AllenBradleyAB1201-HCS1MECS0F250WAFERHANDLERMECSUTC800机器人控制器MECSUTC100MECSUTX1010MECSYC505MECSOFH3000-001MECSTUTVF2500HMECSAL100MECSCS-7000MECSCYBEQUTC100UTC-100机器人控制器Sieb&Meyer26.36.2电源Sieb&Meyer21.35.01.32A自动化模块Sieb&MeyerCSS91主轴处理器Sieb&Meyer26.39.27Sieb&Meyer26.45.3自动化电源模块Sieb&Meyer26.45.26直流伺服模块Sieb&Meyer26.45.32电源模块Sieb&Meyer26.36.015.11伺服放大器模块Sieb&Meyer26.39.27REV3Sieb&Meyer26.44.29Sieb&Meyer44.01.7DSieb&Meyer26-44-18CCSieb&Meyer26.36.226.37.04A2Sieb&Meyer21.35.02.4Sieb&Meyer26.36.3Sieb&Meyer26.36.37Sieb&Meyer26.36.16电路板Sieb&Meyer26.39.058.2伺服板Sieb&MeyerCSS9143.11.03主轴处理器Sieb&MeyerK-2589582.126.39.058Sieb&Meyer26.36.12伺服放大器模块Sieb&Meyer26.36.16TYPEM5伺服放大器模块Sieb&Meyer26.36.15TYPEM3电源模块Sieb&Meyer26.36.5526-36-55驱动器模块Sieb&Meyer26.37.05A2伺服驱动控制Sieb&Meyer26.39.27263927交流伺服驱动模块Sieb&Meyer26.39.5电源模块Sieb&Meyer26.44.26TYPEM3伺服驱动速度控制器Sieb&Meyer26.44.29Sieb&Meyer26.50.65H电源模块Sieb&MeyerAFSK260482-23R-SERVO-2.1Sieb&MeyerCSS90#15235主轴处理器Sieb&MeyerCSS90#K256961Sieb&MeyerCSS90#K256995943.01.06ACSS90主轴输出板Sieb&MeyerCSS9043.01.05.2电路板Sieb&MeyerCSS91处理器模块Sieb&Meyer7903425-44-25C伺服控制器DENGENSHAPMU-0531-3#22738逆变器板DENGENSHAPMU-0531-1#23132逆变器板DENGENSHAPCC-0275电路板DENGENSHAPF-0482电路板DENGENSHAPHF-0329-1S电路板DENGENSHAPT-0328-1电路板DENGENSHAPFI-0533-3-SK3ADENGENSHADGN-2DGN2电路板MURRELEKTRONIKPOWERSUPPLYMCS40MURRELEKTRONIKPOWERSUPPLYMCS20MazakSystemBoardD65UB002740ShimadzuTMP2001-LME真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-2203LM真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3403LMTC3620-00486真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3203LMC-K1真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3203LMEC-K1真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3203LMC-A13620-00145真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP2003LM-C涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3403LMC3620-00454ShimadzuShimadzuTMP-3403LMTC真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3403LMC真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3203LMC-K1真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3203LMC-K1VG300真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-3203LMEC-K1真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-H3603LMC-A1ShimadzuEI-3203MD涡轮泵控制器ShimadzuTMP3403LMC(A2)涡轮分子泵ShimadzuTMP280-L真空涡轮泵ShimadzuEI-3203MDTMP-3203LMEC涡轮泵控制器ShImadzuEI-D1103M涡轮泵控制器ShimadzuTMC-3202LMC-K1真空涡轮泵ShimadzuEI-D3603M轮泵控制器ShimadzuTMP-3203LMC-A1涡轮泵ShimadzuEI-3203MD涡轮泵控制器ShimadzuEI-3203MD-A1涡轮泵控制器ShimadzuEI-3203MD涡轮泵控制器Shimadzu280-L真空涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP280-L涡轮泵ShimadzuTMP-303LM303-LMShimadzuEI-3203MD涡轮泵控制器ShimadzuEL-281涡轮泵电源Shimadzuboard501-72536Eassy501-72535CShimadzuboard501-69697Cassy501-69696DShimadzuboard501-69697Dassy501-69696DShimadzuboard501-72536Dassy501-72535BShimadzuboard501-71653Jassy501-71652HShimadzuboard501-71651Kassy501-71650JShimadzuboard501-71659Dassy501-71658CShimadzuboard501-79572JShimadzuCPUassy638-72430Shimadzuassy228-34148-93ShimadzuSBC8601board202-59845-05ShimadzuDSP-R206-17194ShimadzuSBC-8602A202-50235-84ShimadzuSBC-8602A202-50235ShimadzuRF-CPU-V20-EMC206-85313-91ShimadzuTMP-280涡轮分子泵ShimadzuEI-3203MD涡轮泵控制器ShimadzuLC-6ADShimadzuTMP-203M涡轮分子泵ShimadzuTMP-280-L涡轮分子泵Shimadzupart638-72274-01TOCAT4ShimadzuSCL-10A系统控制器ShimadzuCPUboard206-12679ShimadzuRF-CPUV02206-60505-05Shimadzuassy206-14943H206-14945HShimadzuTMP-2001-LM-EShimadzupart206-11281Shimadzupart206-12682Shimadzu638-72457Shimadzupart541-18591D541-18592EShimadzupart204-77157NEWShimadzuGFA-4BCPU206-16355Shimadzu541-18247E541-18248D6ES5420-4UA141166ES5430-4UA1416ES5441-4UA1376ES5441-4UA14746ES5470-4UB1346FM1726-3CA1020SAFT-123-PACReliance57C330Reliance57C331Reliance57C370Reliance57C373Reliance57C375Reliance57C376Reliance57C401Reliance57C405Reliance57C406Reliance57C407Reliance57C409Reliance57C410Reliance57C411Reliance57C417Reliance57C417AReliance57C421Reliance57C4230BReliance57C4235AReliance57C440Reliance57C440AReliance57400-1Reliance57402Reliance57406Reliance57407-4Reliance57C422BReliance57C404CReliance57C402Reliance57C416Reliance57422Reliance57C430Reliance57419Reliance57404BReliance57410Reliance57411Reliance57411-1Reliance57411-2Reliance57402DReliance57C410AReliance57C411Reliance57C409Reliance57C565Reliance57C651Reliance57C653Reliance45C1Reliance45C15CReliance45C1AReliance45C200AReliance45C301AReliance45C35Reliance45C40Reliance45C44Reliance45C60Reliance45C63Reliance45C66Reliance45C66AReliance45C69Reliance45C202AReliance45C203Reliance45C305Reliance45C381AReliance61C22AReliance61C326Reliance61C346Reliance61C515Reliance0-51486-17Reliance0-51668-1Reliance0-51811-1Reliance0-51811-3Reliance0-51814-1Reliance0-51818-2Reliance0-51820-1Reliance0-51829-2Reliance0-51831-1Reliance0-51831-2Reliance57400-1Reliance57402Reliance57C402Reliance57C404BReliance57C404CReliance57406Reliance57407-4Reliance57C409Reliance57410Reliance57C410AReliance57411-1Reliance57411-2Reliance57C411Reliance57C416Reliance57419)
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