携带式数字显示射线探测器—辐射仪个人***检测仪器个人射线报警器环境辐射探测器***源探测器能够装进口袋的射线报警器内容表辐射仪的特点***性与***性的危害Alpha射线Beta射线Gamma射线你日常生活中经常接触到那些射线辐射天然***性矿物概念与定***释***性测量的单位个人辐射剂量限值有关***标准辐射仪的特点是市场上***小、***易使用、高可靠性的GM射线探测电子仪器；品质高、价实惠、易使用的进口仪器。液晶显示每分钟的剂量率显示总照射剂量理想、小巧、轻便监查射线现场泄漏与***声光报警监查环境中的氡污染可设置报警限度检查建筑材料的***性检查垃圾与废料射线危害在工厂与实验室中作为个人射线辐射***器检查地下水中的镭射线污染在反应堆附近检测空气和水是否受***性污染检查个人珠宝首饰是否有***性危害检查古陶瓷假牙的***性水平检查餐具与玻璃器皿的***性超平均辐射时有报警信号输出9V电池（通万用表电池）可连续使用几个月价格实惠使用简便按工业标准设计的体积小，可装入口袋的***性辐射与污染检测报警仪器。若背景辐射水平提高，它会报警，并且有数码即时显示总照射剂量与照射量率。在工厂，***，垃圾处理站，油田，环境检测站等场所，辐射仪都能给您提供即时的辐射水平数据。它采用充气探头，设计紧凑，适合测量alpha射线，beta射线，gamma射线与X射线。报警限度在出厂时已按***的有关要求设置。仪器使用9V碱性电池能连续工作２个月以上，并且具有声光报警。重１２５克（包括耐用的ABS外壳，电池，不锈钢夹子，电池），大小为105mmx61mmx22mm。技术指标可探测：X-射线.Gamma射线和beta射线测量范围：0-999mR/hrGM管：0.50英寸.2.0-3.0mg/平方厘米的云母窗口对Cs-137(660keV)的灵敏度：1095***每mR/hr对Co-60灵敏度：1095***每mR/hr屏蔽时的***大本底计数：<10***死时间：<100毫秒使用温度：-20至55C***大高度（海拔）：10,000英尺体积：61mmx105mmx22mm(2.4"x0.85"x4.15")重量：125克（含电池）身边的***性与***性的危害我们所有的人在日常生活中每天都受到来自地球天然***性物质、身体内的***性同位素、太阳和星球等所发出的***射线的照射。这些辐射照射大多数是不可避免的。然而象来自铀矿废料、地下水中溶解的***性元素（镭盐、氡）、从远处***站核***制造工厂和射性废物掩埋场飘过来的***性粉尘与空气的***射线的照射等，是我们要考虑避免的。***性元素是不稳定的，它能放出***细胞遗传因素的高能带电粒子。有时受损细胞不能自行修复而死掉，有时受损细胞繁殖不受控制而生***。生物体受到的损害和遗传密码变化的程度取决于射线的能量、原子序数的大小、以及距辐射源的距离。Nuclearparticlesareforcefullyejectedbyunstableatomicelements,eachwithitsownpreferredmethodofreleasingtheoverabundanceofenergycontainedinitsnucleus.Itfirstmustvibrateitselfintotheproperpattern.Ifyouweretoshakeacoinoutofapiggybankyouwouldsucceedonlywhenthecoinandtheslotwerealignedandmovingintherightdirection.Althoughnoonecanpredictwhenanindividualunstablenucleusoftheradioactiveatomwillgiveupitsexcessenergy,thetimeittakesforhalfofalargenumberoftheseatomstodecaycanbepredictedwithstatisticalaccuracy.Thisisknowasthehalflifeoftheradioactiveelement.Aftertenhalflifeperiodsh***epassed,lessthanatenthofonepercentoftheradiationwillremain.Somehalf-lifetimesarelongenoughtorequiretheradioactivesourcetobeisolatedfrompublicexposurefordecades,centuriesorevenmillennia.ALPHA射线Theexcessenergycontainedintheatomisreleasedinoneofafewbasicparticlesandenergeticw***es.TheGreekalphabetisusedtonametheparticles(intheorderoftheirdiscovery).Thealphaparticleisthehe***iest.Itisproducedwhenthehe***iestelementsdecay.Thealphaparticlecontainstwoneutr***andtwoprot***andle***esthenucleusataroundatenththespeedoflight.Itsenergyistransferredwithinashortdistancetothesurroundingmedia.However,itsshortflightknocksabout450,000electr***outofthesurroundingatoms.Thealphaparticleemitterwillnotpenetratetheouterlayerofourskin,butisdangerousifinhaledorswallowed.Thedelicateinternalworkingsofthelivingcellformingtheliningofthelungsorinternalorgans,mostcertainlywillbechanged(mutated)orkilledoutrightbytheenergeticalphaparticle.Thenumberoflungcancercasesamonguraniumminersfrominhaledandingestedalphasourcesismuchhigherthanthoseofthepublicatlarge.Radon,thegasproducedbythedecayofradium-226,alsoemitsalphaparticles,whichposesahazardtolungsandairwayswheninhaled.Homesbuiltinareaswithhighgroundradioactivityshouldbetestedforradonbuildupinenclosedbasementspaces.BETA射线Thebetaparticleisanenergeticelectrongivenoffbythenucleusofunstableisotopestorestoreanenergybalance.TheRad*Scannercandetectmostenergeticbetaparticlesthroughthecase.Weakerbetaparticlescanbedetectedthroughthetubewindow.Althoughthebetaparticleisaround8000times***allerthanthealphaparticle,itiscapableofpenetratingmuchdeeperintolivingmatter.Eachencounterwithalivingcell,andtheremaybemanybeforethebetaenergyisdissipated,islikelytodamagesomeofthechemicallinksbetweenthelivingmoleculesofthecellorcausesomepermanentgeneticchangeinthecellnucleus.Ifthedamageoccurswithinthegenerativecellsoftheovariesortestes,thedamagemaybepassedtonewgenerati***.Thenormalbackgroundradiationlevelmustcontributetothemutationofthegenepool.Mostmutati***areundesirablewithaveryfewleadingto"improvements".Anyincreaseinthebackgroundlevelofradiationshouldbec***ideredharmful.GAMMA射线Thenext"particle"istheveryhighenergy"X-ray"calledthegammaray.Itisanenergeticphotonorlightw***einthesameelectromagneticfamilyaslightandx-rays,butismuchmoreenergeticandharmful.Itiscapableofdamaginglivingcellsasitslowsdownbytransferringitsenergytosurroundingcellcomponents.TheRad*Scannerdetectsenergeticgammaraysthroughthecasewalls.Gammaraysourcesareusedtofindflawsinpipesandvesselsandtochecktheintegrityofweldsinsteel.你日常生活中经常接触到的一些射线辐射夜光手表、老式挂钟和罗盘的含镭数码盘，特别是２０世纪初出产的产品，能放出大量的alpha射线和gamma射线，用仪器计数，其计数率超过正常手表的１０倍２０倍甚至更多。一个五十年代生产的台式闹钟，距离其表面１英尺，并且隔一层玻璃，测量的射线竟高达每分钟４０个计数。喜欢珠宝、无盖夜光表和旧胸针饰物等是很***的，因为含***性物质的油漆会脱落，容易吸入或吃进身体里面。从６０年代中开始制造的夜光表用氚（H3,是半衰期为１２年的氢的***性同位素）或Pm-147(2.64年半衰期的人造***性同位素)。两种元素都能隔着表盖***出很多beta和gamma射线。用煤油汽化的煤汽灯其灯纱含有***性物质钍。用过的灯纱容易变成粉末，容易进入体内，造成更大的危害。而且，Thoriumoxidecoatedgaslampmantlesusedinornamentalgaslanternsandgasburningcampinglampsareradioactive.Thethoriumoxideischosenbecauseitcanberaisedtowhiteheatwithoutdecomposing.However,themantledoesbecomeextremelyfragileandwillpowderintoafineashwhichcanpotentiallybeinhaledoringested.Thoriumisanaturalalphaemitterwiththepotentialforincreasinglungtumors.Thoriumdisintegratestoproduceradon-220,analphaparticleemittingradioactivegas.Otherusesofthoriumincludeimprovingalloysoftungstenandmagnesium.Thoriatedtungstenweldingrodsarepartlyvaporizedinthearcweldingprocess.Filamentsinelectronictubesandtelevisionpicturetubesh***ebecoatedinthoriumoxidestoproduceelectr***moreeasily.Ceriumoxide,apowderypinkglassandjewelrypolishingcompound,whilenotradioactiveinitself,isextractedfrommonazitesandscontainingthoriumoxide.Traceamountsofthoriumoxideremainwiththeextractedceriumoxide.Thoriumoxideisapotentalphaparticleemitterthatposesaseriousthreattointernalorgansifinhaledoringested.Most***okedetectorscontainabout1microcurieofAmericium241,analphaemitterdepositedonathinpieceofmetalfoilsurroundedbyametalshield.Thealphaparticlescannotescapeunlessthe***okedetectoristakenapartorvaporizedinafire,butsomegammaraysareemitted.TheRad*Scannerreadsabout30countsperminutehigherthanthebackground***eragewhenplaceontopoffa***okealarm.Thehalf-lifeofAm-241is458yearsandcertainlywilloutlasttheusefullifeofthe***okedetector.AntistaticbrushesforphotographicuseinremovingdustfromfilmnegativescontainPolonium210,analphaemitterthatwillvaporizeappreciablyat55degreesC(130degreesF),atemperaturethatisreachedeasilyonthedashboardofanautomobileonahotsummerday.Thiscouldbeanotherinhalationdanger,ifthemanufacturingmethoddoesnotadequatelycontainthePolonium.Thefluorescentlampstarters,the***allcylindricalpackagemountedinsometypesoflightingfixtures,containsaglass,gas-filledbulbwithlessthan15nanocuriesofkrypton85,abetaandgammaemittingradioactivegaswitha10.4yearhalflife.Thepurposeofthekryptonistoionizetheothergasesinthestartertubetoassistthelampstartingonacoldmorning.Actualamountsmustbe***aller.TheRad*Scannerhasnotdetectedanyincreaseincountlevelsaroundthesedevices.Potteryglazesandartglass,someceramicglazedjewelryandcloisonnéenameledjewelrycontainhighpercentagesofuraniumoxidestoproducebrightyellowsandoranges.FiestaRedchinadishesbyFiestawareproducedthrough1971emitgammaandbeta.Acidicfoodsleftincontactwiththischinawarewilldissolve***allamountsoftheseradioactiveelementswhichwillbeingested.Enameledjewelrymadewiththeseglazesandwornnexttotheskinishazardous.Somegemstones,notablynaturalzirc***,areradioactive.Additionally,sometopaz,berylandtourmalinestonesweretreatedwithneutr***fromatomicreactorstodeepenorchangetheircolor.Thistreatmentleftsomestoneshotenoughtobeofconcern,about0.2milliroentgensperhour.Someartificialdiamondsaremadefrommetaloxides,suchasyttriumoxidestabilizedwiththoriumoxide,aradioactivecompound.Someporcelainteeth,artificiallycoloredwithuraniumcontainingmetaloxidestoimprovethereflectiveappearance,canexposethemouthto1000milliremperyearforeachcap.Thisistwoandahalftimesthe***eragewholebodyyearlyexposurefromallnaturalsourcesandmedicalX-rays.Radon,agaseousbreakdownproductofradium,canbuildupinenclosedspacessuchasbasements.Apotentalphaemitter,radonisbelievedtocauseasmanyas30,000lungcancerdeathseachyearintheUnitedStates,alone.TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasmandatedsomeverysophisticatedproceduresformeasuringtraceamountsofradongasatthelevelslikelytobefoundinenclosedspaces.Aknownvolumeofairisforcedthroughafilterandthefilterischeckedforradioactiveradonbreakdownproducts.Ifabove***eragecountlevelwithinenclosedinteriorspacessuchasbasementsandgroundfloorlevelclosetsaredetectedbytheRad*Scanner,additionalapprovedtestsforradonshouldbedone.Potassium-40,astrongbetaemitterwithalonghalflifeofover1.3billionyears,makesuponlya***allproportion(lessthan0.02%)ofnaturallyoccurringpotassiumsalts.Thelonghalf-lifemeansrelativelyfewatomsofpotassium-40decayatatime.Thetotalradioactivityisabout1/1000ofanequalweightofuraniumsalts.Potassiumsaltdepositsinsomeplaceshasahigherconcentrationofpotassium-40.Sincepotassiumisindispensableforlifeofplantsandanimals,wewillfinditinalmostallfoods.Somebrandsof"saltsubstitute"mademainlyfrompotassiumsaltsmightbemarginallymoreradioactivethanothers,dependingonthesourceoftheingredients.Duringnormaloperation,nuclearpowerreactorlossesfrombuildupofgassesandeasilyvaporizedelementsarecontinuouslyreleasedin***allamounts:tritium,iodine,cesium,kryptonandxenon.Ofthese,thetritiumcanoxidizetoformradioactivewaterandorganiccompounds.Radioactiveiodineconcentratesinthethyroidglandandcontributestothyroidmalfuncti***andtumors.Cesiumcompoundssettleinthebones.Radioactivekryptonandxenonareinertgasesthatdonotreadilyformcompounds,butareslightlysolubleinbodyfatanddecaytoformelementsthatsettleinbonetissue.天然***性矿物Amongtherepresentativelistofmineralsthatareradioactive,anumberarelistedbelow.Theseareconcentratedenoughtobeofinteresttominingcompanies.Inaddition,manyareash***edissolvedradioactivesaltsinsub-surfacewatergreatlyinexcessofenvironmentallysafelimitsandmustbetreatedandfilteredtospecificallyremovethishazard.InsomeareasoftheUSA,miningcompaniesusechemicalsoluti***pumpedintothegroundtowashouturaniumsalts.IntheUSAalone,aquarterofthedrinkingwatersuppliescontain2000picocuriesperliterofradongas.Fivep)