携带式数字显示射线探测器—辐射仪个人核辐射检测仪器个人射线报警器环境辐射探测器放射源探测器能够装进口袋的射线报警器内容表辐射仪的特点放射性与放射性的危害Alpha射线Beta射线Gamma射线你日常生活中经常接触到那些射线辐射天然放射性矿物概念与定义解释放射性测量的单位个人辐射剂量限值有关国家标准辐射仪的特点是市场上最小、最易使用、高可靠性的GM射线探测电子仪器；品质高、价实惠、易使用的进口仪器。液晶显示每分钟的剂量率显示总照射剂量理想、小巧、轻便监查射线现场泄漏与核污染声光报警监查环境中的氡污染可设置报警限度检查建筑材料的放射性检查垃圾与废料射线危害在工厂与实验室中作为个人射线辐射追踪器检查地下水中的镭射线污染在反应堆附近检测空气和水是否受放射性污染检查个人珠宝首饰是否有放射性危害检查古陶瓷假牙的放射性水平检查餐具与玻璃器皿的放射性超平均辐射时有报警信号输出9V电池（通万用表电池）可连续使用几个月价格实惠使用简便按工业标准设计的体积小，可装入口袋的放射性辐射与污染检测报警仪器。若背景辐射水平提高，它会报警，并且有数码即时显示总照射剂量与照射量率。在工厂，医院，垃圾处理站，油田，环境检测站等场所，辐射仪都能给您提供即时的辐射水平数据。它采用充气探头，设计紧凑，适合测量alpha射线，beta射线，gamma射线与X射线。报警限度在出厂时已按国家的有关要求设置。仪器使用9V碱性电池能连续工作２个月以上，并且具有声光报警。重１２５克（包括耐用的ABS外壳，电池，不锈钢夹子，电池），大小为105mmx61mmx22mm。技术指标可探测：X-射线.Gamma射线和beta射线测量范围：0-999mR/hrGM管：0.50英寸.2.0-3.0mg/平方厘米的云母窗口对Cs-137(660keV)的灵敏度：1095cpm每mR/hr对Co-60灵敏度：1095cpm每mR/hr屏蔽时的最大本底计数：<10cpm死时间：<100毫秒使用温度：-20至55C最大高度（海拔）：10,000英尺体积：61mmx105mmx22mm(2.4"x0.85"x4.15")重量：125克（含电池）身边的放射性与放射性的危害我们所有的人在日常生活中每天都受到来自地球天然放射性物质、身体内的放射性同位素、太阳和星球等所发出的核辐射射线的照射。这些辐射照射大多数是不可避免的。然而象来自铀矿废料、地下水中溶解的放射性元素（镭盐、氡）、从远处核电站核武器制造工厂和射性废物掩埋场飘过来的放射性粉尘与空气的核辐射射线的照射等，是我们要考虑避免的。放射性元素是不稳定的，它能放出破坏细胞遗传因素的高能带电粒子。有时受损细胞不能自行修复而死掉，有时受损细胞繁殖不受控制而生癌。生物体受到的损害和遗传密码变化的程度取决于射线的能量、原子序数的大小、以及距辐射源的距离。Nuclearparticlesareforcefullyejectedbyunstableatomicelements,eachwithitsownpreferredmethodofreleasingtheoverabundanceofenergycontainedinitsnucleus.Itfirstmustvibrateitselfintotheproperpattern.Ifyouweretoshakeacoinoutofapiggybankyouwouldsucceedonlywhenthecoinandtheslotwerealignedandmovingintherightdirection.Althoughnoonecanpredictwhenanindividualunstablenucleusoftheradioactiveatomwillgiveupitsexcessenergy,thetimeittakesforhalfofalargenumberoftheseatomstodecaycanbepredictedwithstatisticalaccuracy.Thisisknowasthehalflifeoftheradioactiveelement.Aftertenhalflifeperiodshavepassed,lessthanatenthofonepercentoftheradiationwillremain.Somehalf-lifetimesarelongenoughtorequiretheradioactivesourcetobeisolatedfrompublicexposurefordecades,centuriesorevenmillennia.ALPHA射线Theexcessenergycontainedintheatomisreleasedinoneofafewbasicparticlesandenergeticwaves.TheGreekalphabetisusedtonametheparticles(intheorderoftheirdiscovery).Thealphaparticleistheheaviest.Itisproducedwhentheheaviestelementsdecay.Thealphaparticlecontainstwoneutronsandtwoprotonsandleavesthenucleusataroundatenththespeedoflight.Itsenergyistransferredwithinashortdistancetothesurroundingmedia.However,itsshortflightknocksabout450,000electronsoutofthesurroundingatoms.Thealphaparticleemitterwillnotpenetratetheouterlayerofourskin,butisdangerousifinhaledorswallowed.Thedelicateinternalworkingsofthelivingcellformingtheliningofthelungsorinternalorgans,mostcertainlywillbechanged(mutated)orkilledoutrightbytheenergeticalphaparticle.Thenumberoflungcancercasesamonguraniumminersfrominhaledandingestedalphasourcesismuchhigherthanthoseofthepublicatlarge.Radon,thegasproducedbythedecayofradium-226,alsoemitsalphaparticles,whichposesahazardtolungsandairwayswheninhaled.Homesbuiltinareaswithhighgroundradioactivityshouldbetestedforradonbuildupinenclosedbasementspaces.BETA射线Thebetaparticleisanenergeticelectrongivenoffbythenucleusofunstableisotopestorestoreanenergybalance.TheRad*Scannercandetectmostenergeticbetaparticlesthroughthecase.Weakerbetaparticlescanbedetectedthroughthetubewindow.Althoughthebetaparticleisaround8000timessmallerthanthealphaparticle,itiscapableofpenetratingmuchdeeperintolivingmatter.Eachencounterwithalivingcell,andtheremaybemanybeforethebetaenergyisdissipated,islikelytodamagesomeofthechemicallinksbetweenthelivingmoleculesofthecellorcausesomepermanentgeneticchangeinthecellnucleus.Ifthedamageoccurswithinthegenerativecellsoftheovariesortestes,thedamagemaybepassedtonewgenerations.Thenormalbackgroundradiationlevelmustcontributetothemutationofthegenepool.Mostmutationsareundesirablewithaveryfewleadingto"improvements".Anyincreaseinthebackgroundlevelofradiationshouldbeconsideredharmful.GAMMA射线Thenext"particle"istheveryhighenergy"X-ray"calledthegammaray.Itisanenergeticphotonorlightwaveinthesameelectromagneticfamilyaslightandx-rays,butismuchmoreenergeticandharmful.Itiscapableofdamaginglivingcellsasitslowsdownbytransferringitsenergytosurroundingcellcomponents.TheRad*Scannerdetectsenergeticgammaraysthroughthecasewalls.Gammaraysourcesareusedtofindflawsinpipesandvesselsandtochecktheintegrityofweldsinsteel.你日常生活中经常接触到的一些射线辐射夜光手表、老式挂钟和罗盘的含镭数码盘，特别是２０世纪初出产的产品，能放出大量的alpha射线和gamma射线，用仪器计数，其计数率超过正常手表的１０倍２０倍甚至更多。一个五十年代生产的台式闹钟，距离其表面１英尺，并且隔一层玻璃，测量的射线竟高达每分钟４０个计数。喜欢珠宝、无盖夜光表和旧胸针饰物等是很危险的，因为含放射性物质的油漆会脱落，容易吸入或吃进身体里面。从６０年代中开始制造的夜光表用氚（H3,是半衰期为１２年的氢的放射性同位素）或Pm-147(2.64年半衰期的人造放射性同位素)。两种元素都能隔着表盖放射出很多beta和gamma射线。用煤油汽化的煤汽灯其灯纱含有放射性物质钍。用过的灯纱容易变成粉末，容易进入体内，造成更大的危害。而且，Thoriumoxidecoatedgaslampmantlesusedinornamentalgaslanternsandgasburningcampinglampsareradioactive.Thethoriumoxideischosenbecauseitcanberaisedtowhiteheatwithoutdecomposing.However,themantledoesbecomeextremelyfragileandwillpowderintoafineashwhichcanpotentiallybeinhaledoringested.Thoriumisanaturalalphaemitterwiththepotentialforincreasinglungtumors.Thoriumdisintegratestoproduceradon-220,analphaparticleemittingradioactivegas.Otherusesofthoriumincludeimprovingalloysoftungstenandmagnesium.Thoriatedtungstenweldingrodsarepartlyvaporizedinthearcweldingprocess.Filamentsinelectronictubesandtelevisionpicturetubeshavebecoatedinthoriumoxidestoproduceelectronsmoreeasily.Ceriumoxide,apowderypinkglassandjewelrypolishingcompound,whilenotradioactiveinitself,isextractedfrommonazitesandscontainingthoriumoxide.Traceamountsofthoriumoxideremainwiththeextractedceriumoxide.Thoriumoxideisapotentalphaparticleemitterthatposesaseriousthreattointernalorgansifinhaledoringested.Mostsmokedetectorscontainabout1microcurieofAmericium241,analphaemitterdepositedonathinpieceofmetalfoilsurroundedbyametalshield.Thealphaparticlescannotescapeunlessthesmokedetectoristakenapartorvaporizedinafire,butsomegammaraysareemitted.TheRad*Scannerreadsabout30countsperminutehigherthanthebackgroundaveragewhenplaceontopoffasmokealarm.Thehalf-lifeofAm-241is458yearsandcertainlywilloutlasttheusefullifeofthesmokedetector.AntistaticbrushesforphotographicuseinremovingdustfromfilmnegativescontainPolonium210,analphaemitterthatwillvaporizeappreciablyat55degreesC(130degreesF),atemperaturethatisreachedeasilyonthedashboardofanautomobileonahotsummerday.Thiscouldbeanotherinhalationdanger,ifthemanufacturingmethoddoesnotadequatelycontainthePolonium.Thefluorescentlampstarters,thesmallcylindricalpackagemountedinsometypesoflightingfixtures,containsaglass,gas-filledbulbwithlessthan15nanocuriesofkrypton85,abetaandgammaemittingradioactivegaswitha10.4yearhalflife.Thepurposeofthekryptonistoionizetheothergasesinthestartertubetoassistthelampstartingonacoldmorning.Actualamountsmustbesmaller.TheRad*Scannerhasnotdetectedanyincreaseincountlevelsaroundthesedevices.Potteryglazesandartglass,someceramicglazedjewelryandcloisonnéenameledjewelrycontainhighpercentagesofuraniumoxidestoproducebrightyellowsandoranges.FiestaRedchinadishesbyFiestawareproducedthrough1971emitgammaandbeta.Acidicfoodsleftincontactwiththischinawarewilldissolvesmallamountsoftheseradioactiveelementswhichwillbeingested.Enameledjewelrymadewiththeseglazesandwornnexttotheskinishazardous.Somegemstones,notablynaturalzircons,areradioactive.Additionally,sometopaz,berylandtourmalinestonesweretreatedwithneutronsfromatomicreactorstodeepenorchangetheircolor.Thistreatmentleftsomestoneshotenoughtobeofconcern,about0.2milliroentgensperhour.Someartificialdiamondsaremadefrommetaloxides,suchasyttriumoxidestabilizedwiththoriumoxide,aradioactivecompound.Someporcelainteeth,artificiallycoloredwithuraniumcontainingmetaloxidestoimprovethereflectiveappearance,canexposethemouthto1000milliremperyearforeachcap.ThisistwoandahalftimestheaveragewholebodyyearlyexposurefromallnaturalsourcesandmedicalX-rays.Radon,agaseousbreakdownproductofradium,canbuildupinenclosedspacessuchasbasements.Apotentalphaemitter,radonisbelievedtocauseasmanyas30,000lungcancerdeathseachyearintheUnitedStates,alone.TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasmandatedsomeverysophisticatedproceduresformeasuringtraceamountsofradongasatthelevelslikelytobefoundinenclosedspaces.Aknownvolumeofairisforcedthroughafilterandthefilterischeckedforradioactiveradonbreakdownproducts.IfaboveaveragecountlevelwithinenclosedinteriorspacessuchasbasementsandgroundfloorlevelclosetsaredetectedbytheRad*Scanner,additionalapprovedtestsforradonshouldbedone.Potassium-40,astrongbetaemitterwithalonghalflifeofover1.3billionyears,makesuponlyasmallproportion(lessthan0.02%)ofnaturallyoccurringpotassiumsalts.Thelonghalf-lifemeansrelativelyfewatomsofpotassium-40decayatatime.Thetotalradioactivityisabout1/1000ofanequalweightofuraniumsalts.Potassiumsaltdepositsinsomeplaceshasahigherconcentrationofpotassium-40.Sincepotassiumisindispensableforlifeofplantsandanimals,wewillfinditinalmostallfoods.Somebrandsof"saltsubstitute"mademainlyfrompotassiumsaltsmightbemarginallymoreradioactivethanothers,dependingonthesourceoftheingredients.Duringnormaloperation,nuclearpowerreactorlossesfrombuildupofgassesandeasilyvaporizedelementsarecontinuouslyreleasedinsmallamounts:tritium,iodine,cesium,kryptonandxenon.Ofthese,thetritiumcanoxidizetoformradioactivewaterandorganiccompounds.Radioactiveiodineconcentratesinthethyroidglandandcontributestothyroidmalfunctionsandtumors.Cesiumcompoundssettleinthebones.Radioactivekryptonandxenonareinertgasesthatdonotreadilyformcompounds,butareslightlysolubleinbodyfatanddecaytoformelementsthatsettleinbonetissue.天然放射性矿物Amongtherepresentativelistofmineralsthatareradioactive,anumberarelistedbelow.Theseareconcentratedenoughtobeofinteresttominingcompanies.Inaddition,manyareashavedissolvedradioactivesaltsinsub-surfacewatergreatlyinexcessofenvironmentallysafelimitsandmustbetreatedandfilteredtospecificallyremovethishazard.InsomeareasoftheUSA,miningcompaniesusechemicalsolutionspumpedintothegroundtowashouturaniumsalts.IntheUSAalone,aquarterofthedrinkingwatersuppliescontain2000picocuriesperliterofradongas.Fivep)