锻件是金属被施加压力，通过塑性变形塑造要求的形状或合适的压缩力的物件。这种力量典型的通过使用铁锤或压力来实现。锻件过程建造了精致的颗粒结构，并改进了金属的物理属性。Aforgedpieceisanobjectthatisappliedtothemetalbypressuretoshapetherequiredshapeortheappropriatecompressionforcebyplasticdeformation.Thisforceistypicallyachievedbyusingahammerorpressure.Theprocessofforginghasbuiltafineparticlestructureandimprovedthephysicalpropertiesofthemetal.由于热变形形成纤维***，会使金属的力学性能出现异向性，即纵向力学性能指标中的A，Z，Ak比横向相应的指标大得多，两个方向上的强度Rm。Re差别不大。Duetotheformationoffibrousmicrostructurebythermaldeformation,themechanicalpropertiesofmetalswillbedifferent.Thatis,A,ZandAkinlongitudinalmechanicalpropertiesaremuchlargerthanthoseitransversedirection,andthestrengthintwodirectiisRm.Reisnotverydifferent.自由锻的基本工序主要有镦粗、拔长、冲孔、切割、弯曲、扭转、错移及锻接等。模锻又分为开式模锻和闭式模锻．金属坯料在具有一定形状的锻模膛内受压变形而获得锻件，模锻一般用于生产重量不大、批量较大的零件。Thebasicprocessoffreeforgingareupsetting,stretching,punching,cutting,bending,torsion,displacementandweldingetc..Dieforgingisalsodividedintoopendieforgingandcloseddieforging.Metalbilletsarepressedanddeformedtoformforgingsintheforgingdiechamberwithacertainshape,anddieforgingisgenerallyusedforproducingpartswith***allweightandlargebatches.镦粗镦粗是对原坯料沿轴向锻打，使其高度减低、横截面增大的操作过程。这种工序常用于锻造齿轮坯和其他圆盘形类锻件。镦粗分为全部镦粗和局部锻粗两种。Upsettingandupsettingistheprocessofforgingtheoriginalbilletalongtheaxis,reducingitsheightandincreasingitscrosssection.Thisprocessisusuallyusedtoforgegearblanksandotherdiscshapedforgings.Theupsettingisdividedintotwokindsofupsettingandlocalforgings.)