锻件是金属被施加压力，通过塑性变形塑造要求的形状或合适的压缩力的物件。这种力量典型的通过使用铁锤或压力来实现。锻件过程建造了精致的颗粒结构，并改进了金属的物理属性。Aforgedpieceisanobjectthatisappliedtothemetalbypressuretoshapetherequiredshapeortheappropriatecompressionforcebyplasticdeformation.Thisforceistypicallyachievedbyusingahammerorpressure.Theprocessofforginghasbuiltafineparticlestructureandimprovedthephysicalpropertiesofthemetal.自由锻的基本工序主要有镦粗、拔长、冲孔、切割、弯曲、扭转、错移及锻接等。模锻又分为开式模锻和闭式模锻．金属坯料在具有一定形状的锻模膛内受压变形而获得锻件，模锻一般用于生产重量不大、批量较大的零件。Thebasicprocessoffreeforgingareupsetting,stretching,punching,cutting,bending,torsion,displacementandweldingetc..Dieforgingisalsodividedintoopendieforgingandcloseddieforging.Metalbilletsarepressedanddeformedtoformforgingsintheforgingdiechamberwithacertainshape,anddieforgingisgenerallyusedforproducingpartswith***allweightandlargebatches.镦粗主要有以下形式：完全镦粗。完全镦粗是将坯料竖直放在砧面上，在上砧的锤击下，使坯料产生高度减小，横截面积增大的塑性变形。Upsettingmainlyincludesthefollowingforms:Fullupsetting.Completeupsettingistoplacetheblankverticallyontheanvilsurface,hammeringontheanvil,sothattheheightoftheblankdecreases,thecross-sectionalareaincreasesplasticdeformation.)